Nature

An efficient swarm evolution algorithm with probability learning for the black and white coloring problem

The Black and White Coloring (BWC) problem is initially described in 1. There is an undirected graph G = (V, E), where V is a set containing n vertices, and E is a set containing l edges. The vertices ...
Nature

Based on binary evolution operator-enhanced black-kite algorithm with natural replacement for engineering numerical optimization problems

This study proposes an enhanced Black-kite Algorithm (BKA), termed SMNBKA-ICMIC, to improve optimization performance. The algorithm introduces four key improvements: ICMIC-based initialization to ...