Modulation is the act of translating some low-frequency or baseband signal (voice, music, and data) to a higher frequency. Why do we modulate signals? There are at least two reasons: to allow the ...

Radio frequency (RF) refers to the part of the electromagnetic spectrum where electromagnetic waves can be generated by alternating current fed to an antenna. It spans from around 3 kHz to 300 GHz. RF ...

The key parameters of the FSS technique and their impact on EMI performance. How to evaluate FSS performance using simulation, ICs, and a signal generator. Frequency spread spectrum (FSS) is a ...

Automatic modulation recognition (AMR) is vital for 5G/6G, yet existing methods often overlook the specific spectral structures of dominant OFDM systems. To address this, we propose the Fourier ...

Optical frequency combs consist of evenly spaced single frequencies that are phase-locked to one another and are highly effective in applications such as optical spectroscopy, remote sensing and ...

Frequency spread spectrum (FSS) is a technique that’s been widely used in power-conversion designs to reduce electromagnetic-interference (EMI) noise. But optimizing EMI without compromising on other ...

The process of varying the AMPLITUDE of a sound, often periodically. An example of AM is the violinist's TREMOLO, where the amplitude of the vibrating string is rapidly altered by a movement of the ...