Surveys are frequently used to study humans scores on latent factors, including human values, attitudes and behavior. Often such a study includes a comparison of groups of individuals or countries at ...

In the last decade a growing number of researchers have become interested in applying new tools to establish the equivalence of measurements in comparative political science using mass surveys. The ...

We describe mathematical and statistical models for factor invariance. We demonstrate that factor invariance is a condition of measurement invariance. In any study of change (as over age) measurement ...

From Beck’s Depression Inventory to the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS), psychological scientists regularly use scales, schedules, and inventories in published empirical papers. But how ...

1 Graduate School of Nursing Science, St. Luke’s International University, Tokyo, Japan. 2 Toubi Branch, Bizen Public Health Center, Okayama, Japan. 3 Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, ...