Many real-world optimization problems, particularly engineering ones, involve constraints that make finding a feasible solution challenging. Numerous researchers have investigated this challenge for ...

We walk through an optimization problem step by step, clearly explaining how to identify variables, set up the correct function, apply derivatives, and find maximum or minimum values. Each step is ...

In this study, a novel hybrid metaheuristic algorithm, termed (BES–GO), is proposed for solving benchmark structural design optimization problems, including welded beam design, three-bar truss system ...