Clinical infertility is commonly defined as the persistent inability of a couple to achieve pregnancy after 12 months of active attempts to conceive. Approximately 30–50% of these cases are associated ...

Mendelian randomization (MR) studies using diseases as exposures are increasingly prevalent although any observed associations do not necessarily imply effect of diseases. To illustrate this challenge ...

Researchers argue that, in some situations where machine-learning models are used to allocate scarce resources or opportunities, randomizing decisions in a structured way may lead to fairer outcomes.