Pioneered by Allen in 1992 1, light beams with the phase dependence of \(e^{i\ell \phi }\) carry OAM, independent of the polarization state, where \(\phi\) is the azimuthal angle, and \(\ell\) ...
Waveguides, channels guiding electromagnetic waves, have long been a cornerstone of technology due to their diverse applications in telecommunications, sensing, and advanced laser systems 1,2,3,4,5.
The first theoretical models of the propagation of an electromagnetic field in a waveguide date back to the second half of the 19th century (Hertz, Debye, Rayleigh). The technological fallout for long ...
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