The heuristic function \(\eta_{ij} \left( t \right)\) was calculated based on the distance and angle from the current node to the target node. It makes path search more directional. A pheromone ...

Fuzzy optimization for shortest path problems addresses uncertainty in network weights by representing arc costs with fuzzy numbers rather than crisp values. By extending classical algorithms—such as ...

Many people are taking care of the service which instantly finds the shortest route to the destination, such as a car navigation application or a smartphone map application, but most people who know ...